Shifting Paradigms In The Automotive Industry Essay

Moving Paradigms In The Automotive Industry - Essay Example The decrease could be because of the blend of an expansion in duties and swelling with a decline in the salary levels. The vehicles could turn out to be more expensive and be seen as extravagance merchandise (Hubbard, 2004). For the individuals who can bear the cost of the vehicle, they could require customized items that address their issues. This could prompt the decrease of gifted work with the mastery in the vehicle business. The piece of the overall industry could decrease, gifted work lack could happen, and there could be an expansion in the interest of customized car items. The subsequent situation could be in the assembling of cutting edge car items. There could be a need to fit the car with gadgets that could permit drivers to get to the web. The shoppers could need the car to have the product introduced, which could permit them to customize the interface highlights of the machine during driving (Ginsberg, 2008). The more youthful individuals who structure a significant piec e of center salary workers could request web availability on their cars. This could be a necessary element for all the car if there is a requirement for a solid and enormous piece of the pie. There could be a requirement for the improvement of new plans of action focused on the creation of innovative car items. A significant procedure for Better Place could more readily work for the organization, so as to increase an enormous piece of the overall industry and for the creation of innovative car (Automotive Industrial Strategy).

Bite Me A Love Story Chapter 6~7 Free Essays

string(90) in light of the fact that he helped me deal with the Countess and Lord Flood when they were in trouble. 6. The Vampire Parrots of Telegraph Hill A herd of wild parrots lives in the city of San Francisco. They are South American cherry-headed conures-brilliant green with a red head, somewhat littler than a commonplace pigeon. We will compose a custom article test on Nibble Me: A Love Story Chapter 6~7 or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Nobody is very certain how they went to the City. It’s likely that they are the relatives of creatures trapped in the wilderness, at that point discharged to the city skies when they demonstrated too wild to ever be kept as pets. They fly over the northern waterfront of San Francisco, rummaging for organic product, berries, and blooms, from the Presidio at the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge, over Pacific Heights, the Marina, Russian Hill, North Beach, and right to the Ferry Building close to the Oakland Bay Bridge. They are social, squawky, senseless winged animals that mate forever and publicize their quality with a dissonance of blares and chirps that rouse grins from inhabitants, bewilderment from visitors, and yearning in predators, generally red-followed birds of prey and peregrine hawks. The parrots go through their evenings high in the trees of Telegraph Hill, underneath the incredible solid phallus of Coit Tower, shielded from assault from falcons by the evergreen shade overhead, and from everything except the most yearning felines, by the sheer height. Yet at the same time, they are now and again assaulted, and albeit delicate animals, they will retaliate, gnawing with their thick, worked for-seed-pounding bills. Which is what occurred. The following morning after he saw the feline assault in the SOMA, the Emperor of San Francisco was stirred from a home he’d made in one of the little step cultivates on Telegraph Hill, to hear parrots cackling in the trees. The sun was simply breaking the skyline behind the Bay Bridge, turning the water red-gold under a blue morning fog. The Emperor crept free from a heap of rug cushioning, stood, and extended, his extraordinary joints squeaking exposed like antiquated church entryways. The men, Bummer and Lazarus, jabbed their noses out of the dim shroud, snuffled the day break, at that point, with the call of the parrots, settled themselves to morning and rose like pressing butterflies to look for the ideal spot for the main small of the day. The three looked as fifty or so screeching parrots orbited Coit Tower and took off toward the Embarcadero, where, out of nowhere, they all quit flying, burst into flares, and fell like a seething tempest of passing on comets into Levi’s Plaza. â€Å"Well, you don’t see that each day,† said the Emperor, scratching Lazarus’s ears through the wraps. The retriever was a doggy variant of The Mummy, enclosed ears to tail by gauzes after his last experience with the vampire felines. The vet in the Mission needed to keep him short-term, yet the retriever had never gone through a night from the Emperor since they had discovered one another, and the vet had no housing for an enormous and beefy ruler, not to mention a feisty Boston terrier, so the three had bunked together away from plain view cushion. Bummer chuffed, which made an interpretation of from canine to: â€Å"I don’t like it.† As the acclaimed frog sang, it’s difficult being green. 7. The Fog Comes on Little Cat Feet and so forth FOO Stephen â€Å"Foo Dog† Wong’s completely bombarded Honda float machine was loaded with rodents. Not totally full, the front seat was filled by Jared Whitewolf, Abby’s reinforcement BFF. (BBFF, truly.) â€Å"Did you need to get all white ones?† Jared inquired. He was six foot two, slight, and paler than Death shagging a snowman. The sides of his head were shaved and in the center he wore an unlaquered Mohawk, which hung in his eyes except if he was lying on his back or gazing upward. Notwithstanding a story length dark PVC cenobite coat, he was as of now wearing Abby’s thigh-high red stage Skankensteinâ ® boots, which was totally inside his privileges, as her current BFF. What annoyed Foo was not that Jared had on girl’s boots, however that he had on the boots of a young lady with unmistakably little feet. â€Å"Don’t those hurt?† Jared removed his hair from his eyes. â€Å"Well, it’s like Morrissey stated, ‘Life is suffering.'† â€Å"I think the Buddha said that.† â€Å"I’m almost certain Morrissey said it first-like, thinking back to the eighties.† â€Å"No, it was the Buddha.† â€Å"Have you ever even observed an image of the Buddha with shoes on?† Jared inquired. Foo couldn’t accept he was having this contention. What’s more, he couldn’t accept he was losing this contention. â€Å"Well, I have a few Nikes upstairs that may fit you on the off chance that you have to change shoes. Let’s get the rodents emptied. I need to get to work.† Jared as of now had four plastic pens with two white rodents in each stacked on his lap, so he unfurled himself out of the Honda and wobbled on the red stages to the fire entryway of the space. â€Å"Don’t attempt to paint them black,† Jared stated, peering into the Plexiglas boxes as Foo opened the entryway for him. â€Å"I attempted that with my first rodent, Lucifer. It was tragic.† â€Å"Tragic?† said Foo. â€Å"I’d have never speculated. Put them on the floor in the lounge. I’ll acquire the truck from stir tomorrow and get some collapsing tables to put them on.† Notwithstanding seeking after his degree in atomic science, and differently saving Abby, defining vampire serum, and deceiving out his Honda, Foo still worked low maintenance at Stereo City, where he spent significant time in telling individuals that they required a greater TV. â€Å"You still have that job?† Jared said as he faltered up the steps. â€Å"Abby said you all have all out screw you money.† For what reason did she let him know? She wasn’t expected to let him know. Did she disclose to him everything? For what reason did she must have companions by any stretch of the imagination? She’d given Jared 5,000 dollars of Jody and Tommy’s cash for Hanukkah-in spite of the way that neither one of them was Jewish. â€Å"Because I won't let standard society make me into the Christmas bitch of the zombie infant Jebus, that’s why,† she’d said. â€Å"And in light of the fact that he helped me deal with the Countess and Lord Flood when they were in a difficult situation. You read Nibble Me: A Love Story Chapter 6~7 in classification Paper examples† â€Å"I need to keep my cover,† Foo said. â€Å"For charge purposes.† That was mostly obvious. He needed to keep up his spread, since, as Abby, he hadn’t really told his folks that he’d moved out. They were so used to him being at school, in the lab, or at work, that they hadn’t truly saw that he hadn’t been dozing at home. It helped that he had four more youthful siblings and sisters, who were all conveying crazy work and course stacks. His folks were about work. For whatever length of time that you were drudging, you were alright. They could smell drudge from miles away, or its absence. He may have the option to pull off living in his own space with his creepy attractive sweetheart, and doing strange hereditary examinations on the undead, however in the event that he quit his place of employment they’d sense it in a second. It took Foo and Jared twenty minutes to get all the rodents up the means and arranged around the front room. â€Å"We’re not going to hurt them, are we?† said Jared, holding up one of the plastic pens so he was eye to eye with its tenants. â€Å"We’re going to transform them into vampires.† â€Å"Oh, cool. Now?† â€Å"No, not presently. For the time being, you’re going to need to take care of them and ensure there’s a water bottle in each of their cages,† Foo said. â€Å"Then what?† Jared solicited, removing his hair from his eyes. â€Å"Then you can go home,† said Foo. â€Å"You don’t need to watch them full-time until the trial starts.† â€Å"I can’t return home. I told my folks I was remaining over at Abby’s.† Foo was abruptly sickened at the idea of going through the night in the space with a hundred rodents, two tanned vampires, and Jared. Particularly Jared. Possibly he’d return home and leave Jared to watch the rodents show up at home for the guardians, in order to lose them the path of his non-worked, space living, Anglo-sweetheart way of life. â€Å"You can remain here, then,† Foo said. â€Å"I’ll be back in the morning.† â€Å"What about them?† Jared gestured toward the tanned figures of Jody and Tommy. â€Å"What about them?† â€Å"Can I converse with them? I didn’t get the chance to complete the process of telling Jody my novel.† Jared had gone through a difficult evening disclosing to Jody the initial segment of the novel he would compose, a sensual ghastliness story that featured himself and his pet rodent, Lucifer 2. â€Å"Okay,† said Foo. He didn’t truly like pondering the two individuals, well, vampires, yet they appeared to be a ton like individuals, that he’d detained in a bronze shell. It kind of gave him the creeps, and that was profoundly informal. â€Å"But no touching,† he included. Jared frowned and plunked down on the futon, about the main spot in the whole lounge room kitchen territory not secured with plastic rodent confines. â€Å"Okay, yet will you assist me with getting these boots off before you go?† Foo shivered. It had been not exactly an hour since the cops drove Abby away and right now he missed her like a cut off appendage. It was humiliating. How could hormones and hydrostatic weight cause you to feel this way? Love was exceptionally informal. â€Å"Sorry,† Foo said. â€Å"Gotta jet.† A genuine legend, the sort Abby blamed him for being, he knew, would have helped Jared. JARED Abby Normal had once offered to pay for a tattoo for Jared that read:

Biography of Psychologist Alfred Binet :: essays research papers

Alfred Binet The accompanying exposition offers both a short life story of Psychologist Alfred Binet what's more, a current day useful application utilizing the hypothesis from which Binet built up his Intelligence test. Alfred Binet, conceived in Nice, France, on the eleventh of July, whose mother was an craftsman and whose father was a doctor, got one of the most noticeable analysts in French history. Having gotten his proper training in both Nice and later, in Paris, at the eminent Lycee Louis - le-Grand, Binet proceeded to turn into a legal counselor. This calling, in any case, was not fit to him, and he wound up drenched in the works of J.S. Plant, Bain and Sully at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. He distinguished emphatically with the associationism hypothesis in following that his guide was J.S. Plant. Binet started working with Charcot and Fere at the Salpetriere, a renowned Parisian emergency clinic, where he ingested the hypotheses of his educators with respect to trance, craziness and irregular brain science. During the accompanying seven years, he constantly showed his dependability in shielding Charcot's conventions on entrancing exchange and polarization until he had to acknowledge the counterattacks of Delboeuf and the Nancy School, which inevitably caused a split among understudy and instructor. Having been hitched in 1884 to Laure Balbiani, whose father was E.G. Balbiani, an embryologist at the College de France, Binet was allowed the chance to work in his lab where his enthusiasm for 'similar brain science' was aroused and in which he in the end composed his proposal for his doctorate in normal science, concentrating his exploration on the "the conduct, physiology, histology and life systems of insects"(Wolfe, p.7). It was while working in Dr. Balbiani's lab, that Binet composed 'Creature Magnetism', an undeniable splitting ceaselessly from associationism, appearing Binet's capacity to adjust and learn with each chance. Binet's next territory of intrigue could be viewed as an antecedent to some of Piaget's work with kid brain research and started with the orderly perception of his two little girls, to whom he dedicated quite a bit of his time, examining and composing about. It was now, that Binet "came to understand that person contrasts must be deliberately investigated under the steady gaze of one could decide laws which would apply to all people"(Pollack,p.xii). Before long, Binet was designated co-executive and after one year, became chief of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He and Beaunis, likewise co-chief, started and altered the main French mental diary 'L'Annee Psychologique', which stays in press today. Albeit failing to have achieved a residency in his own nation (a harsh dissatisfaction for the glad patriot) Binet spent one spring in Bucharest where his insight in trial brain research was completely valued History of Psychologist Alfred Binet :: papers investigate papers Alfred Binet The accompanying article offers both a short life story of Psychologist Alfred Binet furthermore, a current day down to earth application utilizing the hypothesis from which Binet built up his Intelligence test. Alfred Binet, conceived in Nice, France, on the eleventh of July, whose mother was an craftsman and whose father was a doctor, got one of the most unmistakable analysts in French history. Having gotten his proper instruction in both Nice and later, in Paris, at the eminent Lycee Louis - le-Grand, Binet proceeded to turn into a legal advisor. This calling, in any case, was not fit to him, and he ended up submerged in the works of J.S. Plant, Bain and Sully at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. He distinguished emphatically with the associationism hypothesis in following that his guide was J.S. Plant. Binet started working with Charcot and Fere at the Salpetriere, a renowned Parisian emergency clinic, where he assimilated the speculations of his educators concerning trance, madness and irregular brain research. During the accompanying seven years, he persistently showed his dedication in shielding Charcot's principles on entrancing exchange and polarization until he had to acknowledge the counterattacks of Delboeuf and the Nancy School, which inevitably caused a split among understudy and instructor. Having been hitched in 1884 to Laure Balbiani, whose father was E.G. Balbiani, an embryologist at the College de France, Binet was allowed the chance to work in his lab where his enthusiasm for 'relative brain research' was aroused and in which he inevitably composed his postulation for his doctorate in regular science, concentrating his exploration on the "the conduct, physiology, histology and life systems of insects"(Wolfe, p.7). It was while working in Dr. Balbiani's lab, that Binet composed 'Creature Magnetism', an undeniable splitting ceaselessly from associationism, appearing Binet's capacity to adjust and learn with each chance. Binet's next zone of intrigue could be viewed as an antecedent to some of Piaget's work with youngster brain research and started with the efficient perception of his two little girls, to whom he gave quite a bit of his time, considering and composing about. It was now, that Binet "came to understand that person contrasts must be methodicallly investigated under the watchful eye of one could decide laws which would apply to all people"(Pollack,p.xii). Before long, Binet was named co-executive and after one year, became chief of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He and Beaunis, likewise co-chief, started and altered the principal French mental diary 'L'Annee Psychologique', which stays in press today. Albeit failing to have accomplished a residency in his own nation (a harsh disillusionment for the glad patriot) Binet spent one spring in Bucharest where his insight in test brain research was completely valued

Islamic Wealth Management And World View Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Prosperity and fortune is a significant goal for many individuals. It is the focus of trade and other business communications, such as sales. This fortune can come in many forms; it can be in the form of money to some people and to others it can be in the form of property i.e. houses, cars and lands. In order for man to obtain this prosperity and fortune, better known as wealth, man has to work (hard) for it, it does not come naturally. Even so, many people are lucky enough to have inherited this fortune of wealth. ÂÂ   Wealth management from an Islamic viewpoint follows appropriate guidance principle of shariah, which to a great extent, takes a different route from the typical point of view. Throughout the paper, it was deliberately intended to show that a difference exists. Any shortcomings on that purposes is owing to the technical know how on the part of authors. However, the paper sought to convey that owning wealth in Islam does not make any person the total owner of that wealth they have. Wealth is simply handed over upon us by God and thus, it has to be used and utilised in accordance with Gods consent as stated in shariah rulings. Wholesome ownership can be attained of this fortune in many ways, as in a sale contract or gift; making someone the successor of another as in inheritance, and the acquiring of a thing which free for the public use. In all of these situations, Islam has a way in managing this wealth. ÂÂ  Man as the vicegerent on this world is expected to seek this wealth and use it in a way that will help him obtain the happiness and contentment of God in this world and hereafter. With that, the paper provided some practical scenarios as to how fortune and riches can be used in Islam for this reason. It was therefore illustrated in zakat planning, al Ijarah financing and Islamic unit trust. The main purpose is to show the approach to wealth management in Islam not prevalent in the conventional way. The methods of financing should not only avoid riba, gharar and maysir but also be economically competent. In search of this economic competency, Islamic Banks now contribute to provide their services to Islamic banking; it varies from simple Shariah-compliant retail products to highly complex structured finance and large-scale project lending. Muslims (and non-Muslims) can now get hold of Islamic credit cards, can insure themselves and their property Islamically, can invest on line in Islamic funds, can track their investments Islamically and can even get a Shariah-compliant mortgage from many US based firm. Islamic banks are now located in places to other firms not only in large scale corporate financing but also more complex wholesale transactions such as syndications and securitization. Bahrains recent $255mn al-Hidd power financing is a case in point. Lead arranged by BNP Paribas, HSBC Amanah, Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait and Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi, the $55mn Islamic tranche arr anged by the Saudi-based Islamic Development Bank and Kuwait Finance House was summoned as a landmark in district power finance. KFH had previously helped set an inter-creditor agreement precedent when it secured in 1995 a $200mn Islamic tranche for Kuwaits $1.2bn Equate petrochemical project. This convergence shows how the Islamic financial sector is part of the globalizing trend and not rejectionist. In essence, Islamic finance presents sets of well-understood tools within the framework of modern banking and finance. ÂÂ   Worldwide, the Islamic banking is forever growing. Islamic banking is managed by the shariah laws and aim to achieve equality and balance between the parties in an agreement. This makes it very different from typical banking as typical banking does not have the aspect of faith or religion in the governance. In terms of products and services, both types of banks offer similar services and products. This provides customers with a wide range of alternatives in deciding on a bank that best suits their needs and economic benefits. Researchers have established numerous factors of consumers preferences of bank selection, for example, the cost and benefit (Metawa Almossawi (1998), Abbas, Hamid et al (2003)), service quality (Ahmad Haron (2002), Asyraf Nurdianawati (2007), staff factors (Laroche et al (1986), Azura et al (2006)) and mass media advertising (Haron, Ahmad et al (1994), Othman Owen (2002)). ÂÂ   This research is motivated by the fact of choices the consumers have in their hands. Although many researchers have been conducted to find out the liking of consumers in selecting banks, this research tries to reveal the features persuading between Islamic banking and conventional (traditional) by using factoring analysis and logistic regression. From 191 respondents from the states in Malaysia, the result shows that advertising their services and products and ease of access are certainly important to the Islamic banking selection, whereby the service quality is not very important to the Islamic banking selection. There is an increasing trend, especially amongst the younger generation to reject unethical or socially irresponsible investment funds and businesses. Islamic Finance does not agree to undertake or fund and support the anti-social and unethical businesses such as gambling, prostitution, alcoholic liquor, nightclubs and narcotics. Islamic banks are forbidden from opening accounts or providing finance to persons and establishments involved in such activities. In this admiration, it is clearly ahead of the recent rush in ethical finance and socially responsible finance that are becoming quite popular in the Western world. Due to their active participation and familiarity of the nature of businesses of their clients, Islamic financial institutions are in a better position to detect and avoid the channeling of depositors money for financing extremely risky but equally remunerative anti-social behavior. The Islamic finance service industry is growing very fast and is attracting the interest of both Muslim and non-Muslim market players. Experiences and knowledge so far suggests that there are a number of ways in which the industry is adding value to the global financial system. The challenges facing the sustainability and expansion of the industry in the future are quite alarming. An early and reasonable solution to meet these challenges will decide the prospect of the industry

Animal Testing No Harm, Only Benefits - 1710 Words

Korey Gonzales ENGWR 300 Ms. Perales April 5, 2016 Animal Tests: No Harm, Only Benefits As the years have passed the human race has come across and discovered many different diseases. Many of the diseases were lethal due to the fact that there was no cure to be found. But as years went on our technology began to â€Å"evolve†, we found cures for what many would think are incurable. The practice of using animals in biomedical research has led to significant advances in the treatment of various diseases. Animals would be injected with the disease and through series of tests they created a vaccine to fight off the disease. Many animals are related to humans and share the same emotional status as humans do. There are experiments where dogs are†¦show more content†¦Another fact about animal testing is that â€Å"The polio vaccine tested on animals, reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 223 cases in 2012† (Curie). Research on animals granted scientists with major advances in the c omprehension and treatment of breast cancer, brain injury, childhood leukemia, malaria, and an immense amount of others, and involved in the creation of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes and anesthetics. Chris Abee, the director of M.D. Anderson Cancer Center animal research center explains, â€Å"We would not have a vaccine for Hepatitis B without chimpanzees...the use of chimpanzees is our best hope for finding a vaccine for Hepatitis C† (Education Research). If the vaccines created by humans were not tested on animals, millions of animals would have died from rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, infectious hepatitis virus, tetanus, anthrax, and canine parvovirus (Biomedical research). There are even treatments for animals that were developed using animal testing. Pacemakers for heart disease and remedies for glaucoma and hip dysplasia (Biomedical Research). Rachel Hajar, a Biologist, states â€Å"Animal testing has also been a great help in saving endangered species fr om extinction, including the black footed ferret and the Condor species. Even Koala bears are catching sexually transmitted chlamydia and now classified as endangered in some regions of Australia (Hajar).

Nelson Mandel A Leader And The Effect On South Africa

I will be writing about the twentieth century and Nelson Mandela as a leader and the effects he had on South Africa. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mvezo, South Africa and he died December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa. In his 95 years of life, he would spend 27 of them in prison for standing up against the government. In 1952, Nelson Mandela was put in jail for the first time because he arranged a peaceful civil rights movement. He was the most honored political prisoner in history, receiving the Nobel Peace prize in 1993. Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically-elected president of South Africa in 1994. Even though he usually got into a lot of trouble for his doings, Nelson Mandela was a great powerful political leader because he was willing to die for what he believed in and he went to prison for acting on it. In 1652, South Africa was settled by the Dutch and the Boers. But during the eighteenth century the Dutch political power started t o Decline and the British decided to join their colony. The white people from European countries in 1948 thought that the Africans threatened their position in power, the nationalist formed a government that introduced the policy of apartheid. Apartheid was a term originating from the Dutch which meant separation and it is a system of segregation or discrimination due to race. This was used to keep the white minority in political, economic, and cultural supremacy. Then there were new

Event Study on Ma Deals in Singapore free essay sample

Efficient-markethypothesisMergers and acquisitions (MA) are one of the most important events in corporate finance, both for the firms involved, as well as the economy. Empirical research on these events has revealed a great deal about their trends and characteristics over the last century. Many researchers have addressed the question of gains from acquisitions. Typically, target shareholders earn significantly positive abnormal returns from all acquisitions while acquiring shareholders earn none or negative abnormal returns from mergers. The evidence is usually based on returns computed over a pre-acquisition period starting immediately before the announcement date and ending on or before the effective date. This assumes that prices fully adjust to the likely efficiency gains from acquisitions. Our study attempts to examine the effects of MA announcements on acquiring firms listed on the SGX through the event study methodology. At the same time, we will also to draw insights on the efficiency of the Singapore stock market with relation to MA announcements. This paper starts with a review of past literature, followed by description of our methodology and data, motivations for MA, empirical results of study, and ends with an interpretation of results. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Several studies indicate the presence of large abnormal returns accruing to shareholders of merged firms in the period immediately before the merger. However, evidence suggests that shareholders of acquiring firms earn, on average, no abnormal returns at the acquisitions announcement, though there is tremendous variation in these returns. Researchers have been unable to successfully explain much of this variation, partially because the announcement of a takeover reveals information about numerous things. For example, Grinblatt and Titman (2002) state that the stock return at the time of the bid cannot be completely attributed to the expected effect of the acquisition on profitability, arguing that, the stock returns of the bidder at the time of the announcement of the bid may tell us more about how the market is reassessing the bidders business than it does about the value of the acquisition. Hietala, Kaplan, and Robinson (2001) note that the announcement of a takeover reveals information about the potential synergies in the combination, the stand-alone values of the bidder and target, and the bidder overpayment. They argue that it is often impossible to isolate these effects and, thus, know the meaning of the markets reactions to a takeover announcement. Empirical studies by Keown and Pinkerton (1981), Malatesta and Thompson (1985), and Mikkelson and Ruback (1985) provide some support for the notion of mergers being partially anticipated events. Keown and Pinkerton find that market reactions to mergers occur before the first public announcement of the event, and conclude that â€Å"merger announcements are poorly held secrets and trading on this non-public information abounds†. These earlier studies are of a much larger scale and are generally more descriptive of the American and European equity markets during the merger booms. Our study attempts to supplement research in this area by concentrating on the Singapore market. . METHODOLOGY DATA 3. 1. Event studies methodology The event date is taken to be the first day when publicly available information indicative of the acquirers’ intentions to acquire the companies was released. In most instances, the event date is the day of announcement made by the company. Daily data is used as the market is typically responsive to news on business combinations. For this study, we establish an event period of -30 to +30 trading days. As mentioned, the stock prices of the acquirers and targets typically shift before any publicly information is made available to justify the price changes, and therefore prices of trading days before the announcement date are included in the study to examine these effects. We also establish an estimation period of 90 trading days before the event period (t = -120 to -31) to allow us to capture the relationship between the companies’ stock returns and the market returns prior to the announcement. To measure the abnormal returns, we must first calculate the estimated normal returns of the stocks. This is calculated from using the risk-adjusted return model given by the following formula: Rit = ? + ? Rmt (where Rit = estimated returns during the event period, Rmt = market returns). The estimated returns for each day of the event period are predicted using regression between the return on stock against the return on the market. The abnormal returns for each company are calculated by taking the difference between the actual returns and estimated returns. The abnormal returns are calculated for all trading days during the estimation period and event period. The average abnormal returns (A. A. R. ) are calculated by taking the average of abnormal returns of all companies for each day in the event period and the cumulative average abnormal returns (C. A. A. R. ) by summing up the A. A. R. during the relevant period of study (i. e. the C. A. A. R. of the event period is calculated by summing the A. A. R. from -30 to +30 trading days). Hypothesis testing is run to determine whether the A. A. R. or C. A. A. R. are statistically different from zero. It reveals whether there is statistical evidence that stock returns are affected by the MA announcements. The standard deviation of abnormal returns is calculated from the A. A. R. during the estimation period. As it is estimated from the samples, abnormal returns are assumed to follow a Student t-distribution, with nine degrees of freedom, given the sample size of ten. The t-values are calculated as follows: td = ;tab = 3. 1. 1. Key Assumptions of studies For the purpose of our research, we assume the betas of the companies remain largely constant during the event window, and changes in abnormal returns of the stock are mainly affected by the announcements given the selection criteria used for the samples. 3. 2. Data and Data Source The data analyzed in this study consist of acquisitions and mergers in which the acquiring companies have stocks listed on the Singapore Exchange , and that their stocks continued to be listed in the exchange after the acquisition. A list of business combinations based in Singapore is derived from Thomson One Banker’s database. Market returns are computed from the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Singapore (Free) Index . Appendix A shows the component stocks of the index. The index which includes several small and medium-sized firms provides a more diversified selection than the STI index, which consists of only blue-chip stocks. It has a greater fit with the diversified portfolio of samples selected for the event studies. Share prices of the selected samples and MSCI Singapore Free Index are subsequently derived from Thomson One Banker. For this study, ten acquirers are selected from the list of acquisitions. Details of the ten acquisitions are elaborated in Appendix B. For each sample event, we source for news and announcements related to the acquisitions, extracting them from the SGX website, companies’ webpage and archived newspaper reports from Factiva’s database. 3. 3. Selection Criteria for Samples For companies to be qualified in our sample, the acquirers must acquire at least 75% stake of the acquired companies, at one go, in the selected acquisition transactions. A high ownership share grants the acquirers control over the acquired companies, and provides strong support that substantial effort will be undertaken to integrate the operations for the long term such that synergistic benefits can be realized. The acquirers must not own any equity in the acquired companies prior to the acquisitions. This is to avoid potential bias in the results when the market has already incorporated the value of the acquisition into the share price; even a minority stake held in the acquired company may signal future intentions to incorporate the companies. As a result, the market may have already responded accordingly. We avoid acquisition deals with companies that involve government linked companies, due to the fact that government linked companies have less default risk and are thus less reflective of the market volatility. During the event window, there must also be no other announcements or market event, such as the stock market crash of August 1998, as it could have a material impact on the results. The samples are selected from different years, across a wide range of industries. The diversified portfolio of companies will allow us to reduce effects of time-specific and industry-specific bias. Of the cited reasons, one which the market recognizes most significantly is the substantial monopoly gains that the companies stand to gain from the merger and acquisition. The increase in market share and reduction in competition in the market proves to be pertinent in mergers especially the ones involving OCBC – Keppel, UOB – OUB, and UMS Holdings Ltd. To illustrate, the phenomenon of market consolidation in the local banking industry was driven by the need of the banks to expand its markets locally and abroad. Beyond a certain capacity, the banks will need to consolidate to be able to compete within the industry. With the monopoly gains from the acquisitions of OCBC and UOB, they would be able to weed out foreign competition and maintain its market position as the top 3 local banks as today. The gains would also enhance their ability to expand into foreign markets of Malaysia and Greater China. 4. 2. Economies of Scale and Scope The substantial reduction of cost realized from the Economies of Scale and Scope are also one of the main reasons why companies go into mergers. Super Coffeemix – Owl acquisition would enable them to produce their products in larger amounts in the different overseas markets and thus derive substantial cost savings.